Quest'opera è nel pubblico dominio anche in tutti i Paesi e nelle aree in cui la durata del copyright è la vita dell'autore più 70 anni o meno. Devi inserire anche un tag per il pubblico dominio relativo agli Stati Uniti per indicare perché quest'opera è nel pubblico dominio negli Stati Uniti. Nota che in alcuni Paesi i termini del copyright durano più di 70 anni: in Messico 100, in Giamaica 95, in Colombia 80, in Guatemala e Samoa 75 anni. Questa immagine potrebbe non essere nel pubblico dominio in questi Paesi, che inoltre non applicano la regola della durata più breve. L'Honduras ha un termine generale di 75 anni, ma questo paese applica la regola della durata più breve.

Questo file è stato identificato come libero da restrizioni conosciute riguardanti le leggi sul copyright, compresi tutti i diritti connessi e vicini.

https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/PDMCreative Commons Public Domain Mark 1.0falsefalse

applied to the anterior surface of the neck at the level of the seventh cervical vertebra. The position of this curve· on the chart is ascertained by using as points of reference the horizontal distances between the posterior parts of the seventh cervical and fifth lumbar vertebrre and the points horizontally opposite on the ventral surface, measured on the subject by a pelvimeter or other calipers.

It would be very desirable that this graphic record should be completed in every instance by a representation of the inclina­tion of the brim of the pelviil, which would, of course, include its relation to the trochanter, but after much experimentation we have been unable to measure with accuracy the inclination of the pelvic brim in the living subject.

The use of the profile curves in the graphic representation involves the disadvantage that the chart must be drawn life· size, but it can be reduced later by a pantograph to any desired size. The change effected in an individual by treatment or apparatus may be most convincingly displayed by the repro­duction of its record on the same chart, as in the figures shown in the clinical section later.

The sources of error incident to the method have been care· fully studied. They are swaying of the subject, errors in measurement from the vertical plane, distortion of attitude during observation, inaccuracy in locating on the skin the bony landmarks selected, varying position of the feet, horizontal rotation of the pelvis and psychical influences. These errors and their prevention are dealt with at some length in the original description of the method, and therefore need not be repeated here.

Fig. 3.--Outline drawing or bad corset applied to a model.

Fig. 6.--Outline drawing or good corset applied to a model.

At the beginning of our study we experimented with various methods which proved to he worthless for exact use. These were shadowgraphs, observations with plumb lines, study of the model standing on a glass plate by means of a reflected image in a mirror placed under­neath and measurements from an upright without know­ing the center of gravity. Photographs were largely noed, at first without success, but later, by making two expo­sures on the same plate with the greatest care to prevent jar of the camera, two positions of the model could be recorded with accuracy, but any such composite photo­graph which showed any duplication of outline of the feet was rejected. Such photographs were mainly use,l in checking the accuracy of our results from our final apparatus. Out of several hundred observations made mainly by the apparatus described, we finally selected two hundred as reliable for study, which form the basis of our present communication.

The study was made for the most part on female nude professional artists' models courteously sent to us by the School of the Boston Museum of Fine Arts. In the three and a half years some six of these were under observation, our study of one model at first lasting for months, while, toward the end, two or three were under observation during a fortnight. We selected female rather than male models because they were more easily obtained and more reliable, also because the condition under study occurs much more frequently in women. Professional models, although clearly the only available material for our purpose, present certain disadvantages which we recognized. They are necessarily of stable types of figures, as otherwise the long-continued assumption of one position necessitated by their occupation would be intolerable, whereas we should have pre­ferred to study women of the unstable types of figure. Another obstacle lay in their desire to help us, and we had carefully to conceal from them the purpose of our inquiry. Another difficulty lay in their ability and readiness to assume fixed unnatural positions, which in posing for artists they are, of course, compelled to do. We therefore supple­mented the observations on these by such observations on patients as could be made without undue expo-

Fig. 8.--Drawing from composite photograph or model in two positions. The center or gravity is not changed in its relation to the feet.

sure, and a few such on normal persons, which have also been utilized in formulating our conclusions. These observations were then studied in detail, carefully corre­lated and analyzed,

A consideration of the results of our physiologic study led us to the conclusion that antero-posterior balance in the upright positiou is maintained by moderate tonicity of the posterior musculature exerted against a slightly anterior position of the center of gravity. Reasoning from this led us to further experiments and observations, to be presently detailed, which scelll to us to show that an important clement in all static backache is to be found in back-strain, and that to assume relaxation of the sacro-iliac joints to account for the symptoms founel is neither necessary nor wholly satisfactory. As soon,